IMPORTANT TERMS:
· Clone: A group of individuals/cells derived from a single parent individual/cell through asexual reproduction.
·
Disease:
An abnormal development in a plant /animal caused by either an abiotic or a
biotic factor of the environment.
·
Domestication:
The
process of bringing a species under human management.
·
Emasculation:
Removal of anthers of flowers of the female parent before opening.
·
Explant:
The
plant part that is excised from its original location and used for initiating a
culture.
·
Germplasm:
The sum total of all the alleles of the genes present in a species.
·
Haploidy:
A condition of an individual/cell having the chromosome number fond in the
gametes of the species.
·
Hardening:
The process of making the plantlets capable of tolerating the relatively
harsher environments outside the culture vessels.
·
Heterosis
(Hybrid vigour): The
appearance of superior characters in F1 hybrids, from either of
the parents.
·
Hybridization:
Mating of two (or more) individuals or lines differing in genotype is called
hybridization.
·
Inbreeding
Depression: The loss of vigour associated with
inbreeding.
·
Introduction:
The process of taking a variety/line/population of a plant species from one
area into a new area, where it was not grown before.
·
Mutagens:
The
substances/factors which have the ability to induce mutations.
·
Mutation:
Sudden and heritable change in a character of an organism.
·
Polyploidy:
A condition of an individual/cell having more than two copies of a
genome/genomes.
·
Quarantine:
The
process of careful examination of a introduced materials for the presence of
weeds, insects and disease causing organisms.
·
Regeneration:
The
development of an organized structure , like root, shoot or somatic embryo
from cultured cells.
·
Resistant:
A
host line having the ability to prevent a pathogen from producing disease.
·
Somatic
Hybrid: A hybrid produced by fusion of somatic cells of two
varieties or species.
·
Sterilization:
The process of making the explant, vessels, media or instrument free from
microbes by treating with anti-microbial chemicals/steam/dry heat.
·
Susceptible:
A host line not having the ability to prevent pathogen from producing disease.
·
Totipotency:
The ability of plant cells to regenerate into complete plant.
·
Trait
(Character): Any morphological, anatomical , biochemical
or behavioural feature of an organism.
·
Transgene:
A gene that is transferred into an organism by genetic engineering.
·
Transgenic
Organism: (Genetically modified organism) An organism that
contains and expresses a transgene.
·
Variation:
Difference among individuals of a population or species for a given character constitutes
variation for that trait.
·
Variety:
A group of plants that have the same genotype or similar genotype.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
·
Norman
E Borlaug: Father of Green Revolution.
·
M.S.
Swaminathan: Father of Green Revolution in India.
·
Panchanan
Maheshwari: Father of Embryology in India.
·
World
Food Day: 16th October.
·
Important
Plant Breeding Centres in India.
·
(i) Indian Agricultural Research
Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
(ii) Central Potato
Research Institute, Shimla.
(iii) Central Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack.
(iv) Sugarcane Breeding
Institute, Coimbatore.
(v) Forest Research
Institute, Dehradun.
(vi)
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.
(vii)
G.B. Plant Agricultural University, Pant Nagar.
(viii) Ch. C.S. Agricultural University, Hissar.
(ix) Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
(x) Narendra Dev
University, Kumarganj.
·
Gene
Knockout: Replacement of a normal gene by its specifically
mutated copy.
·
Androgenesis:
Production of haploid plants from young pollen grain (ie. male gametophyte).
·
Gynogenesis:
Development of plants from unfertilized cells of female gametophyte in
ovule/ovary.
·
Shikonin:
A red dye, used in the manufacture of cosmetics, is obtained through tissue
culture technique.
·
Triticale:
A
man made new cereal crop (allopolyploid) developed by crossing wheat ( Triticum turgidum) and rye (Secale cereale) and chromosome doubling
of the resulting F1 hybrid.
·
Herbal
Pesticide: Developed from garlic acid chillies in
Pune (Maharashtra).
·
Scientists at CDRI, Lucknow, developed a
biocide from Bacillus sphaericus, which is highly effective to control the
mosquito menace.
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