1. Write two major categories of reproduction
Two major categories of reproduction are
1. Asexual reproduction 2. Sexual reproduction.
2. Define asexual reproduction
The reproduction takes place without the
involvement of gametes and helps to perpetuate
its own species is called asexual reproduction.
3. How does Penicillium and Aspergillus
reproduce Asexually ?
Penicillium and Aspergillus reproduce Asexually byth formation of Conidia
4. What is reproductive propagules ?
The unit of reproductive structure used in
propagation is called reproductive propagules or
diaspores.
5. Write the disadvantage of natural vegetative
reproduction
New plants produced have no genetic variation.
6. What is artificial propagation ?
A number of Artificial methods are used in
agriculture and horticulture to propagate plants
from their parts. Such methods are said to be
artificial propagation.
7. What is modern methods propagation of
propagation?
Many technology is used for propagation to
produce large number of plants in a short period
of time. Such methods are called modern methods.
8. Define tissue culture.
The growth of plant tissue in special culture
medium under suitable controlled conditions is
known as tissue culture.
9. What is Micropropagation?
The regeneration of a whole plant from single
cell, tissue or small pieces of vegetative structures
through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
10. Deine Sexual reproduction.
Male and female gametes fuse together to form a
diploid zygote that grows into a new individual are called Sexual reproduction.
11. What is gametogenesis and fertilization ?
The production of male and female gametes are
called gametogenesis and the fusion of male and
female gametes are called fertilization.
12. What is microsporogenesis ?
The formation of haploid microspores (n) from
diploid microspore mother cell (2n) by meiosis is
called Microsporogenesis.
13. Describe pollinium.
All microspores in a microsporangium remain heldt together called pollinium. Example: Calotropis.
14. What is corpusculum ?
Pollinia are attached to a clamp or clip like sticky
structure called corpusculum.
15. What is retinaculum ?
The filamentous or thread like part arising from
each pollinium is called retinaculum.
16. Describe translator.
The whole structure of pollinium looks like inverted letter ‘Y’ and is called translator.
17. What is mellitopalynology ?
ThestudyofhoneypolleniscalledMellitopalynology.
18. What is megasporangium ?
Ovule is also called megasporangium.
19. What is integuments ?
ovule is protected by one or two covering called
integuments.
20. What is funiculus ?
A mature ovule consists of a stalk called funiculus
(funicle)
21. What is funiculus hilum ?
The point of attachment of funicle to the body of
the ovule is known as hilum.
22. What is raphe ?
The funicle is adnate to the body of the ovule
forming a ridge called raphe.
23. What is nucellus ?
The body of the ovule is made up of a central
mass of parenchymatous tissue called nucellus.
24. What is micropyle ?
Integument encloses the nucellus except at the
top and forms a pore called micropyle.
25. Unitegmic and bitegmic differentiate.
The ovule with one integument said to be
unitegmic or two integuments are said to be
bitegmic.
26. What is chalaza ?
The nucellus, the integument and the funicle
meet at the basal region of the ovule is called as
chalaza.
27. What is an embryo sac ?
The micropylar end of the nucellus contains large
oval, sac-like structure called embryo sac or
female gametophyte
28. What is stomium ?
The cells along the junction of the two sporangia
of an anther lobe lack these thickenings.
This region is called stomium.
29. What is hypostase ?
Group of cells found at the base of the ovule
between the chalaza and embryo sac is called
hypostase
30. What is epistase ?
The thick -walled cells found above the micropylar end above the embryo sac is called epistase
31. What is bisporic embryo sac ?
• Out of four megaspores, two are involved in
Embryo sac formation.
• This development is called bisporic. Example: Allium.
32. What is tetrasporic embryo sac ? give an
example.
• All the four megaspores are involved in Embryo
sac formation.
• This development is called tetrasporic.
Example: Peperomia.
33. What is synergids ?
In egg apparatus of embryo sac, one on each side
of the egg cell are called synergids.
It secrete chemotropic substances that help to
attract the pollen tube.
34. Define pollination.
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to a
stigma of a flower is called pollination.
35. Classify the types of pollination.
Pollination is classified into self-pollination
(Autogamy) and cross-pollination(Allogamy)
36. Descrbe self-pollination or autogamy. In what
type of flowers it is possible.
• The transfer of pollen on the stigma of the
same flower is called self-pollination or
Autogamy.
• It is possible only in bisexual flowers.
37. Define Cross - pollination.
The transfer of pollens on the stigma of another
flower is called cross-pollination.
38. What is Xenogamy ?
Genetically different pollen deposits on another
flower of a different plant of the same species is
called as xenogamy.
39. Define mellitopalynology.
ThestudyofhoneypolleniscalledMellitopalynology.
40. Describe zoophilous flowers.
Pollination by animals is called zoophily and flowers
are said to be zoophilous.
41. Name the animal pollinators.
Animal pollinators are birds, bats, snails, insects,
Larger animals like primates (lemurs), arboreal
rodents, reptiles (gecko lizard and garden
lizard)
42. What is entomophily ?
Pollination by insects is called Entomophily.
43. What is myrmecophily ?
Pollination by ant is called myrmecophily.
44. What is cantharophily ?
Pollination by Beetle is called Cantharophily
45. What is Phalaenophily ?
Pollination by Moths is called Phalaenophily
46. What is Mellitophily ?
Pollination by Bees is called Mellitophily
47. What is Psychophily ?
Pollination by Butter flies is called Psychophily
48. What is Malacophily ?
Pollination by Snails is called Malacophily
49. What is Ornithophily ?
Pollination by Birds is called Ornithophily
50. What is Chieropterophily ?
Pollination by Bats is called Chieropterophily
51. What is Myrmecophily ?
Pollination by Ants is called Myrmecophily
52. Name some Insects pollinators
Insects pollinators are bees, moths, butterflies,
flies, wasps and beetles.
53. Which is the dominant pollinators of flowers ?
Bees are the main flower visitors and dominant
pollinators.
54. Which are the chief pollinating agents of
angiosperms ?
Insects are chief pollinating agents and majority
of angiosperms are adapted for insect pollination.
55. Which type of pollination is most common
type of pollination ?
Entomophily is the most common type of
pollination.
56. Describe ornithophily.
• Pollination by birds is called Ornithophily.
57. Name the plants pollinated by birds ?
• The plants pollinated by birds are Erythrina,
Bombax, Syzygium, Bignonia, Sterlitzia etc.,
58. Name some of the birds which regularly visit
flowers and bring about pollination.
• Humming birds, sun birds, and honey eaters
are some of the birds which regularly visit
flowers and bring about pollination.
59. What is fertilization ?
The fusion of male and female gamete is called
fertilization.
60. What is pollen- pistil interaction ?
• To the entry of pollen tube in to the ovule is
called pollen- pistil interaction.
61. Define cheiropterophily ? Give examples.
• Pollination by bats is called cheiropterophily.
• Example : Kigelia africana, Adansonia digitata,
etc.,
62. Write the disadvantages of self-pollination
• Continuous self-pollination, produce weaker
progeny.
• Less chances of producing new species and
varieties.
63. What is Porogamy?
The pollen tube enters through the micropyle
called Porogamy.
64. What is Chalazogamy?
The pollen tube enters through the chalaza called
Chalazogamy.
65. What is Mesogamy ?
The pollen tube enters through the integument
called Mesogamy.
66. Define syngamy
One male gametes (n) fuses with the egg (n) to
form zygote (2n) is called syngamy
67. What is caruncle ? Give an example.
The cells present at the tip of the outer integument
around the micropyle develop into a fleshy
structure called caruncle. Ex. Ricinus communis.
68. What is aril ? Give examples.
• The funiculus develops into a fleshy structure
which is often very colourful and called aril. Ex.
Myristica and Pithecellobium
69. What is Ruminate endosperm ?
• Theendospermwithirregularityandunevenness
in its surface forms ruminate endosperm.
Examples :Areca catechu, Passiflora and Myristica
70. Define endosperm
The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides
immediately after fertilization form a structure
is called endosperm
71. Name the three types of endosperm in
angiosperms.
1. nuclear endosperm, 2. cellular endosperm and
3. helobial endosperm
72. Define Caryopsis ?
The seed of paddy is one seeded and is called
Caryopsis
73. What is coleoptile ?
In monocot seed, the radicle including root cap
is also covered by a protective sheath called
coleorhiza.
74. What is amphimixis ?
Reproduction involving fertilization in flowering
plants is called amphimixis
75. Describe recurrent apomixis
It includes vegetative reproduction and
agamospermy
76. Describe non recurrent apomixis.
Haploid embryo sac developed after meiosis,
develops into an embryo without fertilization.
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